Timeline

The Second Bulgarian Empire · 1185–1396

From restoration to ruin — two centuries told in five chapters. Each chapter gathers the periods that belong to it, with the years they span, the key events recorded for them, and how much of the realm Tarnovo still held. Follow the spine from the revolt of 1185, through the golden age of Ivan Asen II, to the last resistance at Vidin; open any period for the full article.

I

Before the Empire

10181185

Bulgaria under Constantinople — the embers of statehood before the revolt.

No realm — the Bulgarian lands lie under Byzantium.
10181185
167 yr

Byzantine Rule

The period of Byzantine rule over Bulgaria from 1018 to 1185 was marked by the gradual conquest and integration of Bulgarian territories into the Byzantine Empire, punctuated by resistance efforts and political changes in the Balkans. Byzantine emperors, especially Basil II, implemented military campaigns and administrative reforms to consolidate control, while local Bulgarian and neighboring Serbian leaders navigated complex relationships with the empire.

  • 1018Basil II completes the conquest of Bulgaria; the country is absorbed into Byzantium as the theme of Bulgaria, while the Ohrid archbishopric is left autocephalous but subordinated to the emperor
  • 1040–1041Uprising of Peter Delyan, grandson of Tsar Samuel, proclaimed tsar in Belgrade; he briefly frees much of the western lands before being betrayed and blinded
  • 1048–1053Pecheneg invasions devastate the north-eastern Bulgarian lands along the Danube
  • 1072Uprising of George Voyteh in Macedonia; Constantine Bodin is proclaimed tsar in Skopje, but the revolt is crushed by Byzantium
  • 1091Battle of Levounion; Alexios I Komnenos, aided by the Cumans, annihilates the Pechenegs in the Bulgarian lands
  • 1111Trial and burning of the Bogomil leader Basil the Physician in Constantinople
  • 1147The Second Crusade passes through the Bulgarian lands
  • 1185The Normans sack Thessalonica; discontent over Isaac II Angelos's tax burden mounts across the Bulgarian lands
  • 1185The uprising of the brothers Asen and Peter breaks out near Tarnovo, ending 167 years of Byzantine rule
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II

The Ascent

11851241

Rebellion, restoration, and the climb to imperial power.

12 regions · Ivan Asen II · 1230Adrianople · Serres · Prilep
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III

Instability & Recovery

12411330

Mongol pressure and contested crowns give way to a fragile recovery.

6 regions · Theodore Svetoslav · 1300Tarnovo · Vidin
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12561280
24 yr
IV

The Golden Autumn

13301355

A late flourishing of letters and art as the borders fell quiet.

6 regions · Ivan Alexander · 1331Tarnovo · Vidin · Nikopol
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V

Fragmentation & Fall

13551422

The realm splinters and falls to the Ottomans; Vidin resists to the last.

Split into the Tarnovo, Vidin & Dobruja tsardoms — 4 regions, gone by 1396.
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13711396
25 yr

Fall to Ottoman Power

The period from 1371 to 1396 marks the decline and fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire under the pressure of the rising Ottoman Empire. The empire was fragmented into three political entities ruled by Ivan Shishman, Ivan Sratsimir, and Ivanko, each facing the Ottoman advance with varying degrees of resistance and submission. The era culminated in the fall of Tarnovo and the death of Ivan Shishman, signaling the end of medieval Bulgarian sovereignty.

  • 1371Battle of Chernomen (Maritsa); Ottoman dominance over Thrace
  • 1371Ivan Shishman accepts Ottoman vassalage; in the following years his sister Kera Tamara is given to Sultan Murad I
  • 1382The Ottomans take Sofia
  • 1385The Ottomans take Niš; the Bulgarian and Serbian lands are increasingly encircled
  • 1388Ali Pasha's winter campaign across the Balkan range takes Shumen, Provadia, and other towns; Ivan Shishman is forced to surrender Silistra and submit anew
  • 1389Battle of Kosovo; Sultan Murad I and Prince Lazar are killed
  • 1393After a three-month siege the Ottomans take Tarnovo; the end of the Tarnovo tsardom, Patriarch Evtimiy exiled
  • 1395Battle of Rovine; the vassal rulers King Marko and Constantine Dragaš die fighting against Mircea of Wallachia
  • 1395Ivan Shishman is executed at Nikopol; the Ottomans annex his lands and the Dobrudja
  • 1396Battle of Nicopolis; the Ottomans crush the crusade of the Hungarian king Sigismund
  • 1396Vidin falls; Ivan Sratsimir is captured, extinguishing the independence of the last Bulgarian tsardom
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